In August 2024, Nigeria witnessed nationwide demonstrations known as #EndBadGovernance in response to the steep increase in fuel prices, food inflation, and the devaluation of the naira—a combination that pushed millions into economic distress. Citizens, especially young people, mobilized to demand transparency, policy review, and accountability. The Nigerian government’s handling of these protests has drawn intense scrutiny from activists, human rights groups, and international observers. This analysis explores how authorities responded, the concerns that emerged, and what this means for Nigeria’s democratic trajectory.
Background: The #EndBadGovernance Protests
Economic Factors
Nigeria’s economic challenges in 2024 centered on the removal of fuel subsidies and the naira’s devaluation. Petrol prices surged, transportation and food inflation climbed above 40%, and the purchasing power of households plummeted. These impacts were felt most acutely in northern areas, where unemployment was already elevated. This economic strain provided fertile ground for protest.
Political Factors
The Tinubu administration faced criticism for implementing reforms perceived to favor elites and burden ordinary citizens. Calls for transparency and rollback of policies gained momentum, culminating in the August protests.
Social Factors
Socially, the country grappled with widespread hunger and food insecurity. The United Nations warned that millions faced acute food scarcity by mid‑2025. Civil society organizations, youth movements, and labor unions mobilized protesters who demanded relief and accountability from the government.
Government’s Initial Response
Security Measures
Ahead of the demonstrations, the government dispatched police, military, and State Security Service units to major cities including Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Kano, Kaduna, and more. Movement restrictions were implemented in key areas, and warnings were issued that participation in unauthorized protests could lead to arrest or legal action.
Public Statements
On August 4, President Tinubu addressed Nigerians and urged calm. However, the speech did not directly address protesters’ demands, drawing criticism from civil society ensembles. Observers noted that the address lacked acknowledgment of the citizens’ hard realities, focusing instead on security and dialogue without substance.
Escalation of Protests and Government Crackdown
Violence and Casualties
Between August 1 and 10, security forces used live ammunition to suppress protests, resulting in at least 24 fatalities in states including Borno, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Jigawa, and Niger. Most victims were youth and two were children, according to Amnesty International. Accounts from medical staff and family members confirmed live rounds shot at close range to the head or torso, signaling intent to kill.
Arrests and Detentions
More than 1,200 peaceful protesters were arrested, including minors held beyond the 48‑hour limit without charge. Twenty‑nine children aged 14 to 17 faced treason charges that carry the death penalty for allegedly participating in anti‑government protests. These minors were released after growing alarm, having endured harsh detention conditions.
International Reactions
Global watchdogs reacted strongly. Amnesty International called for transparent investigations and accountability over lethal engagements. The United Nations and several Western governments urged Nigeria to respect the right to peaceful assembly and investigate abuse allegations.
Escalation of Protests and Government Crackdown
Violence and Casualties
Between August 1 and 10, 2024, Nigerian security forces opened fire on largely peaceful protesters across six states—Borno, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Jigawa and Niger—resulting in at least 24 deaths. Most victims, including two children, suffered gunshot wounds to the head or torso at close range. Numerous protestors and bystanders also sustained injuries from live ammunition and were affected by excessive tear gas use :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}.
Arrests and Detentions
Over 1,200 individuals were arrested during the protests, including more than 150 minors. Many were held in custody beyond the constitutionally permitted 48-hour period without trial. Disturbingly, 29 children aged 14–17 were charged with treason and other serious offenses carrying the death penalty. They were eventually released following public pressure :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}.
International Reactions
Regional and global human rights organisations condemned the crackdown, urging independent investigations into the lethal force used and the unlawful detention of minors. Amnesty International demanded accountability and respect for international legal standards. The United Nations and Western governments called on Nigerian authorities to uphold citizens’ rights to peaceful assembly :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}.
Criticisms of Government’s Handling
Human Rights Violations
Security forces’ actions represented a stark contravention of human rights norms. The use of live ammunition, prolonged detentions without due process, and the prosecution of juveniles under capital charges highlight a broad pattern of abuse. Civil society bodies described these acts as both illegal and unjustified :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.
Lack of Accountability
Despite mounting evidence, the authorities have not publicly held any security personnel accountable. The National Human Rights Commission recorded a surge in complaints tied to the August protests, yet investigations into allegations remain incomplete. Official denials have further eroded public trust in state institutions to pursue justice :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.
Erosion of Democratic Values
Civil society activists warn that such heavy-handed tactics pose a threat to Nigeria’s democratic framework. Suppressing peaceful dissent and resorting to force undermines freedom of expression, the right to protest, and public confidence in governance—cornerstones of any democratic society.
Ongoing Protests and Public Sentiment
Continued Demonstrations
Despite the government’s crackdown, protests have continued in various forms. Civil society organizations and labor unions have organized rallies and campaigns to maintain pressure on the government for policy reforms. The persistence of these demonstrations underscores the deep-seated dissatisfaction with the current administration’s handling of the economy and governance.
Public Opinion
Public sentiment remains largely critical of the government’s response to the protests. Many Nigerians view the use of force against peaceful demonstrators as an overreach and a violation of their constitutional rights. The lack of meaningful dialogue and the failure to address the root causes of the protests have further alienated the populace, deepening the rift between the government and its citizens.
Recommendations for Policy Reform
Engagement and Dialogue
To restore public trust, the government must engage in genuine dialogue with civil society organizations, labor unions, and other stakeholders. Establishing platforms for open communication can facilitate the identification of policy solutions that address the concerns of the populace.
Institutional Reforms
Reforming security agencies to ensure accountability and respect for human rights is imperative. Implementing training programs focused on human rights and the appropriate use of force can help prevent future abuses. Additionally, establishing independent oversight bodies can enhance transparency and accountability within law enforcement agencies.
Economic Policies
Reevaluating economic policies that disproportionately affect the poor is crucial. Implementing measures to mitigate the impact of inflation, such as targeted cash transfers and subsidies for essential goods, can alleviate the hardships faced by vulnerable populations. Furthermore, fostering inclusive economic growth through job creation and investment in social infrastructure can address the root causes of public discontent
The #EndBadGovernance protests have highlighted significant challenges in Nigeria’s governance and the relationship between the government and its citizens. The heavy-handed response to peaceful demonstrations has raised serious concerns about the state’s commitment to democratic principles and human rights. Addressing these issues requires a concerted effort to reform institutions, engage with the public, and implement policies that promote social and economic justice. Only through such measures can Nigeria hope to build a more inclusive and resilient society, where the voices of its citizens are heard and respected.
